CC Coordinating conjunctions

Biber O65 Xiao H83 MFTE CC

Definition

Coordinating conjunctions: and, but, or, nor, so, yet.

Detection Rules

cql[pos="CC"]

Requires: pos

mfte

MFTE retags else/altogether/rather/otherwise as CC when preceded by punctuation (line 514). Count all CC-tagged tokens plus these contextual retags.

p1 
cql[pos="CC"]
p2 
cql[pos="\\.|,"] [word="[Ee]lse|[Aa]ltogether|[Rr]ather|[Oo]therwise"]
combine: p1 | p2

Requires: word, pos

pybiber

Clausal coordination: CC token (not ROOT) followed within 3 tokens by an nsubj dependent, indicating clause-level coordination.

cql[pos="CC" & dep!="ROOT"] []{0,2} [dep="nsubj"]

Requires: pos, dep

Normalization

Per finite_verbs

Sources

  • biber_1988 — Biber, Douglas (1988) : Variation across Speech and Writing
  • mfte — Le Foll, Elen & Shakir, Muhammad (2023/2025) : Multi-Feature Tagger of English (MFTE) — Python version
  • pybiber — Brown, David West & Reinhart, Alex (2026) : pybiber — Python package for linguistic feature extraction and Multi-Dimensional Analysis
  • xiao_2009 — Xiao, Richard (2009) : Multidimensional analysis and the study of world Englishes

Notes

Biber distinguished phrasal from non-phrasal coordination. MFTE counts all coordinating conjunctions together.

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