code: DOAUX
mfte_code: DOAUX
name: DO auxiliary
definition: >-
DO used as auxiliary verb in questions, negation, or emphatic constructions
(e.g., "Did you go?", "I don't know", "I do believe").
normalization: finite_verbs
detection:
- requires:
- lemma
- pos
- dep
cql: '[lemma="do" & dep="aux"]'
description: >-
DO with lemma "do" whose dependency role is auxiliary. Captures
DO-support in questions, negation, and emphatic constructions.
- source: mfte
requires:
- word
- pos
parts:
p1:
cql: '[word="[Dd]o|[Dd]oes|[Dd]id" & pos="VB.*"] [pos="VB"]'
p2:
cql: '[word="[Dd]o|[Dd]oes|[Dd]id" & pos="VB.*"] [pos!="[A-Z].*"]'
p3:
cql: '[word="[Dd]o|[Dd]oes|[Dd]id" & pos="VB.*"] [word="not|n.t|[Nn]ever"] [pos="VB"]'
p4:
cql: '[word="[Dd]o|[Dd]oes|[Dd]id" & pos="VB.*"] [pos="RB"] [pos="VB"]'
p5:
cql: '[word="[Dd]o|[Dd]oes|[Dd]id" & pos="VB.*"] [word="I|you|[Hh]e|[Ss]he|it|[Ww]e|[Tt]hey"]'
p6:
cql: '[word="[Dd]o|[Dd]oes|[Dd]id" & pos="VB.*"] [pos="RB"] [word="I|you|[Hh]e|[Ss]he|it|[Ww]e|[Tt]hey"]'
p7:
cql: '[word="[Dd]o|[Dd]oes|[Dd]id" & pos="VB.*"] [word="not|n.t|[Nn]ever"] [pos="RB"] [pos="VB"]'
combine: "(p1 | p2 | p3 | p4 | p5 | p6 | p7) & !_INFDO"
refines: VB
description: >-
MFTE uses positional heuristics: do/does/did as verb, not after/before
"to", followed by VB, punctuation, pronoun, negation+VB, WH-word
before, etc. Also catches emphatic DO (do + VB). Does not use
dependency parsing. MFTE excludes "to do" via a precondition; we use
a span-aware excludes on _INFDO (helper feature matching "to do").
examples:
- text: Should take longer than it _does_.
source: le_foll_2024
- text: She needed that house, _didn't_ she?
source: le_foll_2024
- text: Who _did_ not already love him.
source: le_foll_2024
sources:
- mfte
notes: >-
MFTE's DOAUX counts DO as auxiliary (questions, negation, emphasis, tags).
This is the COMPLEMENT of Biber's f_12 / Xiao's B22 "pro-verb DO" (see
[[DOPV]]), which counts DO standing in for a lexical verb. Together they
account for all uses of DO.