GER YAML source

code: GER
biber_number: E15
name: Gerunds
definition: >-
  Participial forms (-ing) functioning as nouns.
normalization: words
detection:
- requires:
  - pos
  - dep
  semgrex: '{pos:VBG}=ger <nsubj|<dobj|<pobj {}'
  description: >-
    VBG token functioning as subject, object, or prepositional object.
    Dependency role distinguishes gerund (nominal) from progressive or
    participial clause (verbal).
- source: pybiber
  requires:
  - word
  - pos
  - dep
  cql: '[word=".*ings?$" & dep="nsubj|dobj|pobj|nsubjpass" & word!={words}]'
  words:
  - according
  - anything
  - beijing
  - bing
  - bings
  - boeing
  - bring
  - ceiling
  - ceilings
  - cling
  - clings
  - darling
  - ding
  - dings
  - during
  - evening
  - evenings
  - everything
  - fling
  - flings
  - inning
  - innings
  - irving
  - king
  - kings
  - morning
  - mornings
  - nothing
  - notwithstanding
  - offspring
  - offsprings
  - outstanding
  - ping
  - pings
  - ring
  - rings
  - sing
  - sings
  - something
  - spring
  - springs
  - sterling
  - sting
  - stings
  - string
  - strings
  - thanksgiving
  - thanksgivings
  - thing
  - things
  - wedding
  - wing
  - wings
  - wrongdoing
  - wyoming
  description: >-
    Token ending in -ing/-ings with nominal dependency role (nsubj, dobj, pobj),
    excluding common -ing words that are not gerunds (stoplist).
sources:
- biber_1988
- pybiber
notes: >-
  Distinct from [[VBG]] (present participial clauses). Biber counted gerunds
  as nominal forms (category E), not verbal.
examples:
- text: the killing of the dragon
- text: his writing impressed them