VBN Non-finite -ed forms (all)

Xiao M97 MFTE VBN composite

Definition

All past participle forms, including participial clauses and WHIZ deletions. This is the MFTE-level merged feature; Biber counted participial clauses (VBN_CLAUSE) and WHIZ deletions (WHIZBN) separately.

Children (composite)

Detection Rules

mfte

MFTE counts residual VBN after re-tagging passives (PASS) and perfect aspect (PEAS). Uses cat attribute so that tokens refined by PASS or PEAS (which declare refines: VBN) are automatically excluded.

cql[cat="VBN"]

Requires: pos

Matches all VBN tokens. Includes perfect aspect, passives, participial clauses, and WHIZ deletions.

cql[pos="VBN"]

Requires: pos

Normalization

Per words

Sources

  • biber_1988 — Biber, Douglas (1988) : Variation across Speech and Writing
  • mfte — Le Foll, Elen & Shakir, Muhammad (2023/2025) : Multi-Feature Tagger of English (MFTE) — Python version
  • xiao_2009 — Xiao, Richard (2009) : Multidimensional analysis and the study of world Englishes
  • pybiber — Brown, David West & Reinhart, Alex (2026) : pybiber — Python package for linguistic feature extraction and Multi-Dimensional Analysis

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