VBN_CLAUSE YAML source

code: VBN_CLAUSE
biber_number: H26
name: Past participial clauses
definition: >-
  Past participle forms functioning as adverbial or adjectival clauses.
  Excludes perfect aspect, passives, and [[WHIZBN]] deletions.
normalization: finite_verbs
parent: VBN
detection:
- requires:
  - pos
  - dep
  semgrex: '{pos:VBN}=vbn <advcl {}'
  description: >-
    Past participle as adverbial clause modifier. Excludes WHIZ deletions
    (which use acl relation), passives (which use aux:pass relation), and
    perfect aspect (which uses aux relation).
- source: pybiber
  requires:
  - pos
  - dep
  cql: '[dep="punct"] [pos="VBN" & dep="advcl|ccomp"]'
  description: >-
    VBN with dep advcl or ccomp, preceded by punctuation. Same logic as
    [[VBG_CLAUSE]]: pybiber requires a comma or other punctuation
    immediately before the participle as a clause boundary marker.
examples:
- text: _Exhausted_ by the journey, Frodo rested
- text: the road _taken_
- text: These include cancers _caused_ by viruses.
  source: le_foll_2024
non_examples:
- text: He had ~taken~ the ring
  note: Perfect aspect (have + VBN) — not a participial clause
- text: The ring was ~found~
  note: Passive voice — see [[PASS]]
- text: the man ~killed~
  note: WHIZ deletion — see [[WHIZBN]]
sources:
- biber_1988
- pybiber
notes: >-
  D5 loading .42. Biber counted these separately from WHIZ deletions ([[WHIZBN]]).