code: WHIZBG
biber_number: H28
name: Present participial WHIZ deletions
definition: >-
Reduced relative clauses with deleted "which/who + be" before a present participle.
normalization: finite_verbs
parent: VBG
detection:
- requires:
- pos
- dep
semgrex: '{pos:VBG}=part <acl {pos:/NN.*/}=noun'
description: >-
Present participle as adjectival clause modifier of a noun. Distinguishes
WHIZ deletion from free participial clause.
- source: pybiber
requires:
- pos
- upos
- dep
cql: '[upos="NOUN"] [pos="VBG" & dep="acl"]'
anchor: last
description: >-
pybiber requires VBG with dep_rel=="acl" AND the PREVIOUS token to be
a NOUN (UPOS). This adjacency check is more restrictive than the
semgrex approach, which allows non-adjacent noun heads.
sources:
- biber_1988
- pybiber
notes: >-
Not listed separately in Biber's dimension loadings. Less common than past
participial WHIZ deletions.
examples:
- text: the man _standing_ there
note: i.e., "the man [who is] standing there"
- text: a light _shining_ in the east
note: i.e., "a light [that was] shining in the east"