CHAPTER VI

THE GERMANIC EQUIVALENTS OF THE GOTHIC VOWEL-SOUNDS

A. The Vowels of Accented Syllables.

1. Short Vowels.

Gothic a
= Germ. a, as fadar, father; akrs, field; tagr, tear; gasts, guest; ahtáu, eight; band, he bound; nam, he took; gaf, he gave. Cp. § 65.
Goth.
= (1) Germ. e, as taíhun, ten; faíhu, cattle; saíƕan, to see; baíran, to bear. Cp. § 67.
= (2) Germ. i, as baíriþ, he bears; þaíhum, we throve, pp. þaíhans; laíƕum, we lent, pp. laíƕans. Cp. § 69.
Goth. i
= (1) Germ. i, as fisks, fish; bitum, we bit, pp. bitans; nimis, thou takest; bindan, to bind. Cp. § 68.
= (2) Germ. e, as swistar, sister; hilpan, to help; niman, to take; giban, to give, pp. gibans. Cp. § 66.
Goth.
= (1) Germ. o, as waúrd, word; daúhtar, daughter; pp. taúhans, drawn. Cp. § 70.
= (2) Germ. u, as waúrms, worm; waúrkjan, to work; taúhum, we drew. Cp. § 73.
Goth. u
= (1) Germ. u, as juggs, young; fralusts, loss; budum, we offered; bundum, we bound, pp. bundans; hulpum, we helped. Cp. § 72.
= (2) Germ. o, as juk, yoke; pp. hulpans, helped; pp. budans, offered; pp. numans, taken. Cp. §§ 62, 70.

2. Long Vowels.

Goth. ā
= Germ. ā, as hāhan, to hang; pāhta, he thought; brāhta, he brought. Cp. §§ 59, 74.
Goth. ē
= (1) Germ. ē, as hēr, here; fēra, country, region. Cp. § 77.
= (2) Germ. ǣ, as qēns, wife; gadēþs, deed; bērum, we bore; sētum, we sat; slēpan, to sleep. Cp. § 75.
Goth. ai
= Germ. ǣ(j), as saian, to sow; waian, to blow. Cp. § 76.
Goth. ei
= Germ. ī, as seins, his; swein, pig; steigan, to ascend. Cp. § 78.
Goth. ō
= Germ. ō, as fōtus, foot; brōþar, brother; fōr, I fared, went, pl. fōrum; saísō, I sowed; stōjan, to judge. Cp. §§ 79, 81.
Goth. au
= Germ. ō(w), as staua, judge, stauida, I judged; bauan, to inhabit. Cp. § 80.
Goth. ū
= Germ. ū, as rūms, room; þūsundi, thousand; galūkan, to lock, shut; jūhiza, younger. Cp. § 82.
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3. Diphthongs.

Goth. ái
= Germ. ai, as stáins, stone; wáit, I know; stáig, I, he ascended; háitan, to name, call. Cp. § 83.
Goth. áu
= (1) Germ. au, as áugō, eye; áukan, to add, increase; káus, he chose, tested. Cp. § 84.
= (2) Germ. aw, as snáu, he hastened, inf. sniwan; máujōs, of a girl, nom. mawi; táujan, to do, pret. tawida. Cp. § 150.
Goth. iu
= (1) Germ. iu, as niujis, new; liuhtjan, to light; kiusiþ, he chooses. Cp. §§ 63, 85.
= (2) Germ. eu, as diups, deep; liuhaþ, light; fraliusan, to lose. Cp. §§ 63, 85–6.
= (3) Germ. ew, iw, as kniu (gen. kniwis), knee; qius (gen. qiwis), quick, alive; siuns, sight, face. Cp. § 150.

B. The Vowels of Medial Syllables.

1. Short Vowels.

Goth. a
= (1) Germ. a (§ 39 and note), as acc. pl. dagans, days, dat. pl. dagam; niman, to take; nimam, we take; nimand, they take; acc. sing. hanan, cock, acc. pl. hanans; masc. acc. sing. blindana, blind, dat. sing. blindamma; manags, many.
= (2) Germ. e, as ufar, over; ƕaþar, which of two; acc. sing. brōþar, brother. Cp. § 60, 3.
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Goth. i
= (1) Germ. i, Indg. i (§ 38), as acc. pl. gastins, guests, dat. pl. gastim; batists, best; hardiza, harder.
= (2) Germ. i, Indg. e (§ 60, 3), as gen. sing. dagis, of a day; harjis, of an army; hanins, of a cock, dat. sing. hanin; gen. pl. suniwē, of sons; nimis, thou takest, nimiþ, he takes.
Goth. u
= (1) Germ. u (§ 72), as sunus, son, dat. pl. sunum; acc. pl. brōþruns, brothers, dat. pl. brōþrum; nēmun, they took.
= (2) Germ. w (§ 150), as nom. pl. sunjus, sons.

2. Long Vowels.

Goth. ē
= Germ. ǣ (§§ 75, 89 note), as nasidēs, thou didst save, beside nasida, he saved; dat. sing. ƕammēh, to each.
Goth. ei
= (1) Germ. ī (§§ 78, 89 note), as sineigs, old; acc. sing. managein, multitude; nēmeis, thou mightest take, beside nēmi, he might take.
= (2) Germ. ij (§ 153), as nom. sing. haírdeis, shepherd; nom. pl. gasteis, guests.
= (3) Germ. i(j)i (§ 153), as sōkeis, thou seekest; gen. sing. haírdeis, of a shepherd.
Goth. ō
= Germ. ō (§§ 79, 89 note), as witōþ, law; nom. pl. dagōs, days; nom. acc. pl. gibōs, gifts, gen. sing. gibōs, dat. pl. gibōm; fem. nom. acc. pl. blindōs, blind; gen. sing. tuggōns, of a tongue; salbōn, to anoint, salbōþ, he anoints, salbōda, I anointed.
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3. Diphthongs.

Goth. ái
= (1) Germ. ai older , (§ 90), as nimáis, thou mayest take; gen. sing. anstáis, of a favour.
= (2) Germ. ǣ(j)i (§ 90), as habáis, thou hast; habáiþ, he has.
Goth. áu
= Germ. au older (§ 90 note), as gen. sing. sunáus, of a son.

C. Final Vowels.

1. Short Vowels.

Goth. a
= (1) Germ. ō (§ 89), as nima, I take; nom. sing. giba, gift; nom. acc. pl. waúrda, words; haírtōna, hearts; acc. ƕana, whom, cp. ƕanōh; and similarly in the acc. blindana, blind; ina, him; þana, the, þata, the, that.
= (2) Germ. ǣ, Indg. ē (§ 89), as ƕamma, to whom, beside ƕammēh; and similarly in daga, to a day; imma, to him; nasida, he saved; ūtana, from without; nimáima, we may take; nēmeima, we might take.
= (3) Germ. ōn (§ 87, (1)), as acc. sing. giba, gift; nasida, I saved.
= (4) Germ. ēn or ōn (§ 87 (1)), as nom. hana, cock, manna, man.
= (5) Germ. ai (§ 90), baírada, he is borne = Gr. mid. φέρεται; baíraza, thou art borne = Gr. mid. φέρεαι from *φέρεσαι.
Goth. i
= (1) Germ. ī (§ 89), as bandi, band; nēmi, he might take, beside nēmeis, thou mightest take.
= (2) Germ. j (§ 155), as acc. sing. hari, army, haírdi, shepherd; kuni, generation.
= (3) Germ. -ij- (§ 154), as voc. haírdi, shepherd.
Goth. u
= (1) Germ. u (§ 88), as filu, much; acc. sing. sunu, son; faíhu, cattle.
= (2) Germ. w (§ 150 (2)), as skadus from *skadwaz, shadow.

2. Long Vowels.

Goth. ē
= (1) Germ. ǣ̃, Indg. ē̃ (§ 89), as hidrē, hither; ƕadrē, whither.
= (2) Germ. -ǣ̃n, Indg. ē̃m (§ 87 (1)), as gen. pl. dagē, of days; gastē, of guests; hananē, of cocks.
Goth. ei
= Germ. ij (§ 154), as imperative 2 pers. sing. nasei, save thou; sōkei, seek thou.
Goth. ō
= (1) Germ. ō̃ (§ 89), as tuggō, tongue; haírtō, heart; ƕaprō, whence; ufarō, from above; þiubjō, secretly.
= (2) Germ. -ō̃n (§ 87 (1)), as gen. pl. gibō, of gifts; tuggōnō, of tongues.

3. Diphthongs.

Goth. ái
= (1) Germ. ai, as masc. nom. pl. blindái, blind, cp. þái (§ 265).
= (2) Germ. ai older ēi (§ 90), as dat. sing. anstái, to a favour.
= (3) Germ. ai, Indg. (§ 90 note), as nimái, he may take.
= (4) Germ. ai older ōĩ, Indg. āĩ (§ 90), as dat. gibái, to a gift; izái, to her.
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Goth. áu
= (1) Germ. au, Indg. ēu (§ 90), as dat. sing. sunáu, to a son.
= (2) Germ. au, Indg. ōu (§ 90), as ahtáu, eight.