CHAPTER VI
THE GERMANIC EQUIVALENTS OF THE GOTHIC VOWEL-SOUNDS
A. The Vowels of Accented Syllables.
1. Short Vowels.
= Germ. a, as
fadar, father;
akrs, field;
tagr, tear;
gasts, guest;
ahtáu, eight;
band, he bound;
nam, he took;
gaf, he gave.
Cp. § 65.
= (1) Germ. e, as
taíhun, ten;
faíhu, cattle;
saíƕan, to see;
baíran, to bear.
Cp. § 67.
= (2) Germ. i, as
baíriþ, he bears;
þaíhum, we throve, pp. þaíhans;
laíƕum, we lent, pp. laíƕans.
Cp. § 69.
= (1) Germ. i, as
fisks, fish;
bitum, we bit, pp. bitans;
nimis, thou takest;
bindan, to bind.
Cp. § 68.
= (2) Germ. e, as
swistar, sister;
hilpan, to help;
niman, to take;
giban, to give, pp. gibans.
Cp. § 66.
= (1) Germ. o, as
waúrd, word;
daúhtar, daughter;
pp. taúhans, drawn.
Cp. § 70.
= (2) Germ. u, as
waúrms, worm;
waúrkjan, to work;
taúhum, we drew.
Cp. § 73.
= (1) Germ. u, as
juggs, young;
fralusts, loss;
budum, we offered;
bundum, we bound, pp. bundans;
hulpum, we helped.
Cp. § 72.
= (2) Germ. o, as
juk, yoke;
pp. hulpans, helped;
pp. budans, offered;
pp. numans, taken.
Cp. §§ 62, 70.
2. Long Vowels.
= Germ. ā, as
hāhan, to hang;
pāhta, he thought;
brāhta, he brought.
Cp. §§ 59, 74.
= (1) Germ. ē, as
hēr, here;
fēra, country, region.
Cp. § 77.
= (2) Germ. ǣ, as
qēns, wife;
gadēþs, deed;
bērum, we bore;
sētum, we sat;
slēpan, to sleep.
Cp. § 75.
= Germ. ǣ(j), as
saian, to sow;
waian, to blow.
Cp. § 76.
= Germ. ī, as
seins, his;
swein, pig;
steigan, to ascend.
Cp. § 78.
= Germ. ō, as
fōtus, foot;
brōþar, brother;
fōr, I fared, went, pl. fōrum;
saísō, I sowed;
stōjan, to judge.
Cp. §§ 79, 81.
= Germ. ō(w), as
staua, judge, stauida, I judged;
bauan, to inhabit.
Cp. § 80.
= Germ. ū, as
rūms, room;
þūsundi, thousand;
galūkan, to lock, shut;
jūhiza, younger.
Cp. § 82.
3. Diphthongs.
= Germ. ai, as
stáins, stone;
wáit, I know;
stáig, I, he ascended;
háitan, to name, call.
Cp. § 83.
= (1) Germ. au, as
áugō, eye;
áukan, to add, increase;
káus, he chose, tested.
Cp. § 84.
= (2) Germ. aw, as
snáu, he hastened, inf. sniwan;
máujōs, of a girl, nom. mawi;
táujan, to do, pret. tawida.
Cp. § 150.
= (1) Germ. iu, as
niujis, new;
liuhtjan, to light;
kiusiþ, he chooses.
Cp. §§ 63, 85.
= (2) Germ. eu, as
diups, deep;
liuhaþ, light;
fraliusan, to lose.
Cp. §§ 63, 85–6.
= (3) Germ. ew, iw, as
kniu (gen. kniwis), knee;
qius (gen. qiwis), quick, alive;
siuns, sight, face.
Cp. § 150.
B. The Vowels of Medial Syllables.
1. Short Vowels.
= (1) Germ. a (§ 39 and note), as
acc. pl. dagans, days, dat. pl. dagam;
niman, to take;
nimam, we take;
nimand, they take;
acc. sing. hanan, cock, acc. pl. hanans;
masc. acc. sing. blindana, blind, dat. sing. blindamma;
manags, many.
= (2) Germ. e, as
ufar, over;
ƕaþar, which of two;
acc. sing. brōþar, brother.
Cp. § 60, 3.
= (1) Germ. i, Indg. i (§ 38), as
acc. pl. gastins, guests, dat. pl. gastim;
batists, best;
hardiza, harder.
= (2) Germ. i, Indg. e (§ 60, 3), as
gen. sing. dagis, of a day;
harjis, of an army;
hanins, of a cock, dat. sing. hanin;
gen. pl. suniwē, of sons;
nimis, thou takest, nimiþ, he takes.
= (1) Germ. u (§ 72), as
sunus, son, dat. pl. sunum;
acc. pl. brōþruns, brothers, dat. pl. brōþrum;
nēmun, they took.
= (2) Germ. w (§ 150), as
nom. pl. sunjus, sons.
2. Long Vowels.
= Germ. ǣ (§§ 75, 89 note), as
nasidēs, thou didst save, beside nasida, he saved;
dat. sing. ƕammēh, to each.
= (1) Germ. ī (§§ 78, 89 note), as
sineigs, old;
acc. sing. managein, multitude;
nēmeis, thou mightest take, beside nēmi, he might take.
= (2) Germ. ij (§ 153), as
nom. sing. haírdeis, shepherd;
nom. pl. gasteis, guests.
= (3) Germ. i(j)i (§ 153), as
sōkeis, thou seekest;
gen. sing. haírdeis, of a shepherd.
= Germ. ō (§§ 79, 89 note), as
witōþ, law;
nom. pl. dagōs, days;
nom. acc. pl. gibōs, gifts, gen. sing. gibōs, dat. pl. gibōm;
fem. nom. acc. pl. blindōs, blind;
gen. sing. tuggōns, of a tongue;
salbōn, to anoint, salbōþ, he anoints, salbōda, I anointed.
3. Diphthongs.
= (1) Germ. ai older eĩ, oĩ (§ 90), as
nimáis, thou mayest take;
gen. sing. anstáis, of a favour.
= (2) Germ. ǣ(j)i (§ 90), as
habáis, thou hast;
habáiþ, he has.
= Germ. au older oũ (§ 90 note), as
gen. sing. sunáus, of a son.
C. Final Vowels.
1. Short Vowels.
= (1) Germ. ō (§ 89), as
nima, I take;
nom. sing. giba, gift;
nom. acc. pl. waúrda, words;
haírtōna, hearts;
acc. ƕana, whom, cp. ƕanōh;
and similarly in the acc. blindana, blind;
ina, him;
þana, the, þata, the, that.
= (2) Germ. ǣ, Indg. ē (§ 89), as
ƕamma, to whom, beside ƕammēh;
and similarly in daga, to a day;
imma, to him;
nasida, he saved;
ūtana, from without;
nimáima, we may take;
nēmeima, we might take.
= (3) Germ. ōn (§ 87, (1)), as
acc. sing. giba, gift;
nasida, I saved.
= (4) Germ. ēn or ōn (§ 87 (1)), as
nom. hana, cock, manna, man.
= (5) Germ. ai (§ 90), baírada, he is borne = Gr. mid. φέρεται;
baíraza, thou art borne = Gr. mid. φέρεαι from *φέρεσαι.
= (1) Germ. ī (§ 89), as
bandi, band;
nēmi, he might take, beside nēmeis, thou mightest take.
= (2) Germ. j (§ 155), as
acc. sing. hari, army, haírdi, shepherd;
kuni, generation.
= (3) Germ. -ij- (§ 154), as
voc. haírdi, shepherd.
= (1) Germ. u (§ 88), as
filu, much;
acc. sing. sunu, son;
faíhu, cattle.
= (2) Germ. w (§ 150 (2)), as
skadus from *skadwaz, shadow.
2. Long Vowels.
= (1) Germ. ǣ̃, Indg. ē̃ (§ 89), as
hidrē, hither;
ƕadrē, whither.
= (2) Germ. -ǣ̃n, Indg. ē̃m (§ 87 (1)), as
gen. pl. dagē, of days;
gastē, of guests;
hananē, of cocks.
= Germ. ij (§ 154), as
imperative 2 pers. sing. nasei, save thou;
sōkei, seek thou.
= (1) Germ. ō̃ (§ 89), as
tuggō, tongue;
haírtō, heart;
ƕaprō, whence;
ufarō, from above;
þiubjō, secretly.
= (2) Germ. -ō̃n (§ 87 (1)), as
gen. pl. gibō, of gifts;
tuggōnō, of tongues.
3. Diphthongs.
= (1) Germ. ai, as
masc. nom. pl. blindái, blind, cp. þái (§ 265).
= (2) Germ. ai older ēi (§ 90), as
dat. sing. anstái, to a favour.
= (3) Germ. ai, Indg. oĩ (§ 90 note), as
nimái, he may take.
= (4) Germ. ai older ōĩ, Indg. āĩ (§ 90), as
dat. gibái, to a gift;
izái, to her.
= (1) Germ. au, Indg. ēu (§ 90), as
dat. sing. sunáu, to a son.
= (2) Germ. au, Indg. ōu (§ 90), as
ahtáu, eight.